This study uses Australian Census data to examine patterns of within- and between-region inequality for capital city Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) between 1991 and 2011. The main focus is on the gross incomes of prime-age males. A number of methodological challenges are addressed. The analysis uses non-parametric methods to take account of the categorical reporting of income and takes account of changes in the Census income questions, changes in the size of SLAs and changes in income support policy over the period. All three of overall, between-region and within-region inequality have increased over this period (particularly in the first half). However, the increase in within-region inequality has been less than the overall increase in inequality - which may have implications for the public perception of inequality. Within-region inequality is greater in SLAs which have higher average income, are closer to urban centres and have more ethnic heterogeneity.